To compare and contrast Ebenezer Howard's ideas of town planning, such Essay

To compare and contrast Ebenezer Howard's ideas of town planning, such as The Garden City and that of Archigam, in particular The Waking and Plug In Cities - Essay Example Towards this direction, Ebenezer Howard has been considered as the person who ‘put forward a new physical form and structure for urban growth which would reintroduce a balanced and ecological relationship between the city-of limited size and population-and the countryside-of sufficient size to support the city with all necessary goods and material-as well as a balance between the varied functions of the city, again as a result of the strict limitation of its size and population’ (Frey, 1999, 18). One of the most known study of Howard has been the ‘Garden City’ in which Howard states his ideas regarding the town planning and its potential forms in the cities of his era – in his case the city under examination had been London. Apart from Howard, many other theorists have tried to respond to the increased need for innovative proposals regarding the urban planning mostly in big cities. In this context, a group of young London architects, created in 1961 a ‘magazine’ called Archigram which has ‘dominated the architectural avant garde in the 1960s and early 1970s with its playful, pop-inspired visions of a technocratic future’ (Design Museum, 2007). Archigram was published in 1961 on ‘a large sheet of the cheapest available paper; filled with Greene’s poems and sketches of architectural projects designed by Cook, Michael ‘Spider’ Webb and other friends, the magazine voiced their frustration with the intellectual conservatism of the British architectural establishment’ (Design Museum, 2007). Archigram had a significant influence on the urban design of the specific period (1960’s).Today Archigram’s proposals are still considered as unique and innovative plans for the urban design area. However, these plans have remained in the paper and have never been applied in real terms. Urban design has been developed throughout the years in accordance with the needs and the potentials of each particular

Describe the ways in which swing music and popular culture Essay Example for Free

Describe the ways in which swing music and popular culture Essay There were many ways in which swing music and popular culture were interrelated during the time known as the swing era. Jazz became the cornerstone of popular culture during the period known as the swing era. The swing era influenced clothing styles, retail marketing, fashion, dance, and even language. Swing fans had their own clothing style and built a social phenomenon around it. With many dances coming and going the swing fans kept on dancing. Name some of the specific innovations Duke Ellington brought to jazz in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Duke Ellington brought some specific innovations to jazz in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Ellington was in time known as the greatest composer in jazz, he wrote roughly 2,000 compositions that had arranged from solo piano pieces, to works for orchestra’s, to highly symphonic concert music, etc. Ellington made a lot of changes to make the perfect sound, he used a variety of mutes on brass instruments to achieve more interesting tonal effects, often gave melodies to instruments that were not typically melodic instruments, and he used cross-sectional voicing. Ellington created an orchestra in the early 1940’s which later became known as his â€Å"Favorite Orchestra†. Describe why Count Basie’s rhythm section is called the first modern rhythm section. Count Basie’s rhythm section is called the first modern rhythm section. Basie made the rhythm section to â€Å"breathe† which helped compliment instead of duplicate, as well as having the drummer Jo Jones who played the high hat cymbal style. With this Basie had created the All-American Rhythm section which was known at the first modern rhythm section because Basie had created such an amazing rhythm section to go with the rest of his band it was solid. Describe some of the reasons why the swing era began and why it came to an end. There were many reasons why the swing era had begun and why it had come to an end. The beginning of the swing era started from a band called the Benny Goodman Orchestra. They traveled around on tour to get a spot and had been denied, until their last stop in Los Angeles, CA. The Palomar Ballroom wanted to hear the music that had been broadcasting and this began the swing era. The swing era decided to collapse with a shocking suddenness, with bands all over closing up their bags and shutting down. The swing era had suddenly ended from changing economics, the war, predictability, the changing audience, and bebop all of this had ended what was known as the swing era. Describe how the styles of Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were different. The styles from Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were very different throughout the swing era. Hawkins and Young were two of the best tenor sax players that had emerged during the swing era. Considerably different, Hawkins played a huge dark sound, whereas Young’s was light and breathy. Some of the differences were as follows; Hawkins improvisations were based on his superior knowledge of harmony, Young’s were rooted in the blues, Hawkins played with a rhythmic approach that was always closely tied to the beat, and Young’s rhythmic conception was much looser, and often untied to the beat. Although they had many differences, they inspired sax players for years to come. The arranging styles of Ellington and Basie are quite different when put next to each other to compare and contrast. In the song â€Å"Take the A Train† by Duke Ellington the rhythm section of the band is very on point, and broad it is a stand out section and wants to make their point. They are very loud obnoxious and want to make you want to dance. For the â€Å"One O’clock Jump† by Count Basie the rhythm section is very low key and mellow, although very good and has a good beat, more of a song to have a mellow night to or to hangout and relax to. I prefer the song â€Å"Take the A Train† by Duke Ellington, because I like to dance and it more fits my personality of a loud and obnoxious fun song.

AIDS and the Catholic Church :: HIV Religion Christianity Essays

AIDS and the Catholic Church As the AIDS epidemic in the United States advanced into the 1990s, it became clear that AIDS had a new target population. AIDS was no longer strictly a gay disease but was leaking into the general heterosexual population as well. Moreover, as the decade progressed, new cases of HIV infection were being increasingly identified in poor, minority communities. While the focus of the AIDS epidemic shifted from the high-profile male homosexual population to poor, minority communities, political activism and financial support for the fight against AIDS also began to decline. With the new limitations set by decreased public support and decreased financial resources, policy-makers, humanitarian organizations, and AIDS activists began to analyze how best to extend AIDS-related resources to these new target populations. The US Hispanic community is one such population for which new methods of AIDS programming is being sought. Hispanics comprise a rapidly growing portion of the US minority population but are still over-represented among new cases of HIV infection. According to the CDC, "In 2000, Hispanics represented 13% of the US population (including residents of Puerto Rico), but accounted for 19% of the total number of new US AIDS cases reported that year (8,173 of 42,156 cases)" (CDC 1). In contrast to the gay male communities of San Francisco and New York in the 1980s, Hispanics are lacking the financial resources to combat the spread of AIDS in their communities. As a matter of fact, the Hispanic poverty rate of 20% given by the US Census Bureau is about three times that of caucasians. Thus, it is likely that support for combating the spread of AIDS within the Hispanic population must come from an outside third party. Few institutions are in as ideal a position as the Catholic Church to address the AIDS epidemic in the US Hispanic community. A statistic from The Catholic Almanac says that 80% of US Hispanics are catholic, and hence the Catholic Church has a very influential presence in the Hispanic community. As a community-based institution with international backing, a catholic community church can draw on the resources of its arch-diocese to address community-specific issues. Therefore, an AIDS campaign disseminated through the catholic church would not necessarily rely on the financial support of those communities it benefits most -- namely poor, Hispanic communities. Such a campaign, the National Catholic AIDS Network, was established in 1989 as a resource for all catholic communities dealing with the struggle against AIDS.

Chinese Immigration to United States Essay -- Immigration

There were many reasons for the Chinese to come to America. Overcrowding, poverty, war, and other catastrophes in China were all reasons (push) for traveling to America, as well as effective external influences. The discovery of gold was a major pull for Chinese peasants in coming to the West Coast. America's labor needs were the most important external catalyst for immigration. However, there were very few ways of traveling to the United States. With loans from the Six Companies, Chinese were able to afford fare to America, and they traveled here to work primarily as gold miners, fishermen, or agricultural workers; later settling into laundry services and restaurant work (Tsai, China overseas 12-13). In order to cultivate and develop the vast amount of Western land and resources they had obtained, develop industry, and build a rail system for transportation and communication, and to create a network of communication with China, Americans were searching for labor, people to carry out these tasks. The hard-working nature of Chinese made them natural targets for such laborious tasks, and this helped create a pull for the Chinese willing to travel to America for work (Tsai, China overseas 12). An entrepreneur by the name of Elmer C. Sandmeyer saw transportation companies as a powerful promotional influence. The transportation of Chinese laborers between Hong Kong and San Francisco accompanied by high passenger rates allowed American ship owners to make a nice profit (Tsai, China overseas 12-13). The Six Companies played a large part in this process, as a benevolent organization that was devoted to helping immigrants, the sick and poor, and conveying the bodies of dead persons back to china. Immigrants who were too poor to pay t... ...ing the year 1852 alone, thirty thousand Chinese who embarked at Hong Kong for San Francisco paid $1,300,000 for the voyage. At the beginning of 1856, William Speer calculated that all Chinese in California had paid a total of $2,329,580 for the trip" (Tsai, China overseas 13). Frequently exploited by American capitalists, Chinese laborers were whipped to dig in gold mines, build railroads, and plant crops. Industry boomed in Western America as the Chinese toiled ceaselessly. Free immigration was suggested by the United States in the 1868 Burlingame Treaty because of the need for labor in America and the potential benefits of trading with the Chinese. Labor was cheap, and many forms of fraud and propaganda were employed to bring Chinese laborers to the United States. The discovery of gold was also very beneficial in enticing the Chinese (Tsai, China overseas 13).

The Background of Ingvar Kamprad

I’m gonna talk about Ingvar Kamprad. He was born 30th  Mars, 1926 in Kronobergs municipality. He’s a Swedish entrepreneur and founder of the furniture chain IKEA. Ingvar founded IKEA in 1943 and the name stands for his initials and address. – Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd, Agunnaryd. (Write up on whiteboard. ) – Kamprad is currently ranked as one of the wealthiest people in the world. In July 2012, the time script Bloomberg estimated that his net worth was up to 42. 6 billion dollars, which makes him the 5th richest person in the world.Kamprad was born in Pjatteryd, Sweden. He was raised on a farm called Elmtaryd near the small village of Agunnaryd in Ljungby municipality in the province of Smaland. His grandfather was from Germany but moved to Sweden with his family. Kamprad is very well-known for his â€Å"cheapness. † He drives a 1993 Volvo 240, flies only economic class and encourages IKEA employees always to write on both sides of a piece of paper . Kamprad explains his social philosophy like this: â€Å"Testament of a Furniture Dealer†: â€Å"It is not only for cost reasons that we avoid the luxury hotels.We don’t need flashy cars, impressive titles, uniforms or other status symbols. We rely on our strength and our will! † Kamprad began to develop a business as a young boy, selling matches to neighbors from his bicycle. He found that he could buy matches in bulk very cheap from Stockholm, sell them himself and make a good profit. From matches, he started selling fish, Christmas tree decorations and seeds. And now I’m gonna talk about the history of IKEA.As I mentioned earlier, Kamprad started selling matches at the age of five and by the age of seven he started selling further from his home, using his bicycle. In the 1940s Kamprad started developing IKEA into a furniture retailer. In the 1960s IKEA started getting bigger and the big products such as POANG and BILLY started developing. In the 1980s IKEA expands into new markets in USA, Italy, France and the UK. In 1990s children’s IKEA is introduced, and in 2000’s IKEA expands into even more markets such as Japan and Russia.And now I’m going to talk about the qualities of Ingvar Kamprad as an entrepreneur. Well, one thing that I find very important is the fact that he actually shows that even though you’re extremely rich, you still don’t have to live a glamorous life. As I’ve mentioned, he drives an old Volvo and travels economic class. By this it encourages the employees to do the same thing, to live cheap. And this is why I think IKEA’s been such a huge success. You can of course argue that he’s been at the right place at the right time, but I think that’s his kind of spirit that moves the company forward. Thank you.

A Look At Principal Beliefs And Ethical Teachings Religion Essays

A Look At Principal Beliefs And Ethical Teachings Religion Essays A Look At Principal Beliefs And Ethical Teachings Religion Essay A Look At Principal Beliefs And Ethical Teachings Religion Essay Essay Topic: Siddhartha Principal beliefs and ethical instructions are indispensable thoughts and inspirations depicted and conveyed in a peculiar faith. Principal beliefs and ethical instructions define and change the 1 s determination devising and manner of life. Wholly understanding, accepting and following the beliefs and instructions of a peculiar faith would enable an disciple to make the optimum and ideal phase of obeisance and fidelity to one s faith. Buddhism and Judaism are illustrations of some of the universe s most known and followed faiths. They both have their ain Principal Beliefs and Ethical Teachings which in some instances may be conflicting. Both faiths have a big population of followings and disciples and their instructions impact greatly on their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours picks. Hebraism The chief beliefs and ethical instructions of Judaism play an huge function in the lives of their disciples ; they contribute basically to the manner of life of these persons and change their determination devising accomplishments and life styles. Biding by all the ethical instructions and beliefs of a peculiar faith will necessarily ensue in a significant impact and influence on every facet of one s life. Hebrews believe in the unity of God and that everything revolves about God as he is all knowing and all powerful. He is the Lord the Godhead who formed the whole existence and all things in it ; he is the 1 and merely God and all other Supreme beings are false Gods which means that no other Supreme beings are to be worshiped. As an disciple it is an duty and a responsibility to prosecute with this instruction as it is a beginning of assistance for persons who are seeking a connexion with the one true God and taking to derive penetration on the Judaist manner of life. The God of Judaism demands, that his disciples do good Acts of the Apostless in order to accomplish felicity in the hereafter and those who are unsuccessful in making so will be punished. This learning hence greatly impacts on the determination devising of the followings. It encourages them to lend to good workss and to alter their negative manner of life. In making good workss persons are lead to an ageless life of peace with the one true God as a wages for their unimportance. To arise against God, means declining his goodness and love. When God foremost formed nature including human sort, he made everything basically good. By transgressing and go againsting his good nature, disciples and followings are rejecting God and his instructions. Suffering and hurting are the chief effect of wickedness which is the noncompliance of God. Harmonizing to the Judaic religion, the Sabbath twenty-four hours is the most of import twenty-four hours, as God ordained it a holy twenty-four hours. It is a tradition that this twenty-four hours is devoted for remainder and religious refreshment. This belief and tradition greatly influences disciples and followings, in relation to the battle in any sort of work on that twenty-four hours. This belief impacts vastly on one s agenda, fiscal wellbeing nevertheless it enables them to put their precedences and see what is more of import in life. Another of import Principal Belief is Judgment twenty-four hours which is followed by an hereafter. It is believed that at the terminal of earthly life Judgment twenty-four hours occurs and the universe including its dwellers will be judged by God with righteousness, justness and clemency. It is studied by the Judaic faith that the pure and the bad actions will be tallied consequently, and those who have done good Acts of the Apostless will have felicity in the hereafter, while the evil spell to Gehinnom which is a topographic point full of enduring and anguish. Now that being said agencies that people s actions on Earth greatly impact the manner they will be judged and what sort of hereafter they will be given. In relation to the Core Ethical Teachings, the function of the Hebrew prophesier is to remind disciples on behalf of God to follow all his instructions, their responsibilities and to remind them of the effects if they fail to stay by these Torahs. Death and the psyche is another Belief amongst that adherents must follow and understand. When decease occurs it is studied that the organic structure returns to earth where it came from and the psyche returns to God who gave it to a individual. The organic structure will be resurrected by God and reunited with the psyche for the whole individual to populate once more through the samsara which is the rhythm of birth. Free will is another Principal Belief which has an tremendous impact on the manner of life of disciples. God gave people the echt freedom to make as they wish, nevertheless God knows what people will make before they even attempt to make it. All disciples and followings are regarded to holding a free pick in life, nevertheless as that being said, they are held accountable for their actions and for its effects. One s ability to construe their free will in a positive mode will find pleasant results. However construing free will with negativeness will ensue in harsh and unpleasant results weather it is temporarily on Earth or subsequently on in the hereafter. In relation to the Core Ethical Teachings, all Jews under the spiritual Torahs are obliged to pattern charity. It is studied that particular concern must be shown to the unprivileged, the sick, the widow, the orphan and the alien. As they all relate to each other, disciples must pattern generousness and charity as they can be count ed as positive Acts of the Apostless which so makes enlightenment easier to accomplish. In relation to the Core Ethical Teachings, household life is really of import in the Judaist religion as the kids must honor parents and the function of the parents is to steer their kids to good behaviour. All Principal Beliefs and Ethical Teachings closely interrelate to each other as they both classify and place what a individual must make in order to stay a spiritual individual, who follows Gods instructions in carry throughing his responsibilities towards his faith. Principal Beliefs aid and educate disciples about their faith and its instructions these beliefs besides enable followings to organize a strong and nourished relationship with the one true God. Buddhism: The Buddhist faith was formed in India by a adult male named Siddhartha Gautama who was recognized as the enlightened one. Siddhartha was born around 563 BCE at kapilavastu. He believed and was certain that life meant more than agony and decease and was good satisfied with accomplishing enlightenment. After his enlightenment, he became known as the Buddha sakyamuni. The word Buddha is a word used to depict a individual who has reached enlightenment. Siddhartha Gautama is recognized by his disciples as an awakened instructor who put an terminal to dukkha, achieved enlightenments and escaped the rhythm of agony and metempsychosis. Buddhists believe in a rhythm of birth which means, birth, life, decease and metempsychosis which is besides known as the Samsara. This rhythm is repeated until they reach Nirvana which is enlightenment. In order to make Nirvana disciples must populate consequently to Buddha s instructions. Karma is a major Chief Belief in Buddhism, mentioning to what goes about comes around . One of the Buddha s instructions was chew overing, which believed that disciples will go better people and are able to make enlightenment. This was done by uncluttering any ideas that are irrelevant in life and concentrate merely on the of import things which truly affair. Meditating is another guideline which helps a individual addition that excess cognition that is needed for them to make enlightenment and organize a bonding relationship with the Buddha. The three gems are: the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha. The Buddha was a instructor who showed his manner to deliverance to all his followings. He strongly forbids his disciples from handling him and idolizing him as a God, as he was merely a normal human being who successfully achieved enlightenment. The Dharma is known as the instructions of the Buddha. The Buddha taught that enduring in the universe has a cause and a remedy. It is believed by the Buddhist followings that People suffer due to the ignorance of their true nature, that ignorance causes misconstruing the life experience, and that misinterpretation is the ultimate cause for enduring. Dharma s instructions besides highlight how followings must wake up and detect who they truly are and what they have ever been. The Sangha is fundamentally the cloistered order that the Buddha created and the 1s who follow his Dharma. All three gems chiefly the Buddha play an huge function on his disciple s manner of life, as he strength ens their ideal end which is to make enlightenment. The function of the Dharma which is the instructions of the Buddha, impact how an disciple must move and make in life to be a true truster which to the full understands and comprehends the Buddha s instructions. The last gem is the Sangha ; the Sanghas function in relation to disciples is that being portion of a community allows a individual to understand his values, ends and position on life, which in return enables him to have disciplinary feedback. Besides with The Eightfold way educates and ushers disciples on how to populate life as true trusters and make enlightenment. The first measure is right cognition, this measure addresses where one wants to be inthe aid of the Core Ethical Teachings of the Vinaya s 227 regulations by which monastics, nuns and disciples must populate by. These regulations set out the proper manner for a individual s behaviour and actions. The Markss of being, Dukkha, Anatta and Annica. Dukkha is known as agony and dissatisfaction. Dukkha is experienced by all the Judaist followings as a feeling of unhappiness and unsatisfactory ; the ground for it coming upon people is the fact that disciples have non yet reached the secret plan of life which is enlightenment. The cause of Dukkah is tanha which is desire and cravings. As an adherent their function is to allow travel of greed, choler and ignorance which would enable them to set an terminal to want and by seting an terminal to their desire will salvage them from Dukkha. Anicca means impermanent which is temporarily. It is believed and studied that the universe is temporary because everything is invariably altering. Anatta is the absenteeism of psyche. The Buddha teaches that there is no ageless and ageless psyche reborn after the experimental self-importance dies with the organic structure. The four baronial truths include: Dukkha, Tanha, Nirvana and the Eightfold waies. The first baronial truth is the Dukkha which is known as agony. Dukkha states that enduring is common and is an experience that everyone goes through during their life-time. Tanha is the 2nd baronial truth which is known as the beginning of agony, and enduring occurs because a individual s desires and wants are neer to the full satisfied. The 3rd baronial truth is nirvana, which means that there is an terminal to agony and hurting and this can be done by allowing spells of any desires or cravings. The 4th and most of import truth ushers disciples on how to make enlightenment. All Buddhist followings must follow the Eightfold way as they educate them on how to populate life as a true truster and follower. The four baronial truths educate and Teach disciples that falling into enticements is the taking cause of wickedness and agony. Suffering is bad as it can act upon a individual internally which can dama ge his well being, for this ground they must avoid wickedness and agony by allowing spells of any desires or cravings and merely unrecorded life harmonizing to the Buddha s instructions. life. It is highly of import to hold the right cognition as it can assist a individual range enlightenment more easy. Right aspiration is to cognize that making enlightenment is required in life, for this ground a individual must be affirmatory to everything in life. Right address is a manner to uncover a batch about a individual ; disciples must avoid talking falsely, unkindly or with a negative attitude. Engaging in good behaviour agencies, non perpetrating Acts of the Apostless like killing, stealing and any other harmful behaviors. Right support is the 5th measure. The Buddha provinces and recommends against being involved in harlotry or any Acts of the Apostless of that kind. Having the right attempt can assist many followings be farther involved in their faith and beliefs. Right heedfulness is finishing something in a positive mode without any negative attitudes. Right speculation is the 8th and last measure, this measure frees and purifies a individual s head from all distract ions and by making this, the disciple can organize an ideal relationship with the one Buddha. The Eightfold Path and the Core ethical instructions closely interrelate to each other, as they both contain the basic moralss of Buddhism which were taught by the Buddha. In relation to the Buddha s instructions, all disciples must hold strong religion ; speak nil but the truth, behave in a positive mode and putt attempt in their religious promotion. The five Principles and the Eightfold Path besides relate to each other, as they both set guidelines for developing the correct behavior and to get the better of the influence of the three toxicants of greed, choler and ignorance. The Buddhist moralss and devotional pattern include, abstaining from harming another human being, to abstain from taking what is non freely given, non be involved in any sexual misconduct, to abstain from false address and remain off from alcohols and drugs that can harm the head. In decision, a specific faith s ethical instructions and chief beliefs play a significant function in an disciple s life. They dictate the manner they should populate, act, speak and respond to issues in life. Specific instructions and beliefs disable people from making things that may be seen as a norm in society and may as a consequence cause some kind of societal disaffection, nevertheless true trusters ever sacrifice and offer up their actions on Earth to be able to make an ideal relationship with their God. An disciple is recommended to follow the instructions and beliefs of its faith as it is the lone manner that will vouch him ageless felicity and faith satisfaction.

Customer Relationship Management Systems The WritePass Journal

Customer Relationship Management Systems Abstract: Customer Relationship Management Systems Available at: http://doblegroup.com/dell-case-study/ Fan, Y. W., Ku, E. (2010). â€Å"Customer focus, service process fit and customer relationship management profitability: the effect of knowledge sharing.†Ã‚  The Service Industries Journal. Vol.  30(2) pp. 203-223. Jayachandran, S., Sharma, S., Kaufman, P., Raman, P. (2005). â€Å"The role of relational information processes and technology use in customer relationship management.†Ã‚  Journal of Marketing. Vol.  69(4), pp.177-192. Lin, R. J., Chen, R. H., Chiu, K. K. S. (2010). â€Å"Customer relationship management and innovation capability: an empirical study.†Ã‚  Industrial Management Data Systems. Vol.110(1) pp.111-133. Ãâ€"ztaysi, B., Sezgin, S., Ãâ€"zok, A. F. (2011). â€Å"A measurement tool for customer relationship management processes.†Ã‚  Industrial Management Data Systems. Vol.  111(6) pp. 943-960. Payne, A., Frow, P. (2005). â€Å"A strategic framework for customer relationship management.†Ã‚  Journal of Marketing. Vol.  69(4) pp.167-176. Reinartz, W., Krafft, M., Hoyer, W. D. (2004). â€Å"The customer relationship management process: its measurement and impact on performance.†Ã‚  Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 41(3) pp.293-305.

Sample Appeal Letter for College Dismissal for Alcohol

Sample Appeal Letter for College Dismissal for Alcohol Alcohol and drugs play a significant role in many college dismissals. Students who spend much of the week impaired arent going to do well in college, and the consequences can be the end of their college careers. Not surprisingly, however, students are extremely reluctant to admit that alcohol or drug abuse was the cause of their academic failures. While students are quick to identify family problems, mental health issues, roommate situations, relationship problems, assaults, concussions, and other factors as the reasons for poor academic performance, almost never does a student admit that excessive college drinking  was the issue. The reasons for this denial are many. Students may fear that admitting to the use of illegal drugs will hurt, not help, their appeals. The same can be said for under-age drinking. Also, many people with alcohol and drug problems deny the problem to themselves as well as others. Honesty Is Best For an Alcohol-Related Academic Dismissal If youve been dismissed from college for poor academic performance that is the result of alcohol or drug abuse, your appeal is a time to take a careful look in the mirror and be honest. The best appeals are always honest, no matter how embarrassing the circumstances. For one, the appeals committee knows when students are withholding information or being misleading in their appeals. The committee will have lots of information from your professors, administrators, and student affairs personnel. All those missed Monday classes are a pretty clear sign of hangovers. If youve been coming to class stoned, dont assume your professors dont notice. If youre always at the center of the college party scene, your RAs and RDs know this. Will being honest about your substance abuse result in a successful appeal? Not always, but youre more likely to succeed than if you try to hide the problem. The college may still decide that you need time off to mature and address your problems. However, if you are honest in your appeal, acknowledge your mistakes, and show that you are taking steps to change your behavior, your college may give you a second chance. Sample Appeal Letter for Alcohol-Related Academic Dismissal The sample appeal letter below is from Jason who was dismissed after a terrible semester in which he passed just one of his four classes and earned a .25 GPA. After reading Jasons letter, be sure to read the discussion of the letter so that you understand what Jason does well in his appeal and what could use a little more work. Also be sure check out these 6 tips for appealing an academic dismissal and tips for an in-person appeal. Heres Jasons letter: Dear Members of the Scholastic Standards Committee:Thank you for taking the time to consider this appeal.My grades at Ivy College have never been great, but as you know, this past semester they were horrible. When I received news that I was dismissed from Ivy, I cant say that I was surprised. My failing grades are an accurate reflection of my effort this past semester. And I wish I had a good excuse for my failure, but I dont.From my very first semester at Ivy College, Ive had a great time. Ive made lots of friends, and Ive never turned down an opportunity to party. In my first two semesters of college, I rationalized my C grades as the result of the greater demands of college compared to high school. After this semester of failing grades, however, Ive been forced to recognize that my behavior and irresponsibility are the issues, not the academic demands of college.I was an A student in high school because I am capable of good work when I set my priorities correctly. Unfortunately, I have not handled the freedom of college well. In college, especially this past semester, I let my social life spin out of control, and I lost sight of why I am in college. I slept through a lot of classes because I was up until daybreak partying with friends, and I missed other classes because I was in bed with a hangover. When given the choice between going to a party or studying for an exam, I chose the party. I even missed quizzes and exams this semester because I didnt make it to class. I am obviously not proud of this behavior, nor is it easy for me to admit, but I realize I cant hide from reality.Ive had many difficult conversations with my parents about the reasons for my failing semester, and I am grateful that they have pressured me into seeking help so that I can succeed in the future. In truth, I dont think Id be owning up to my behavior now if my parents hadnt forced me to be honest with them (lying has never worked with them). With their encouragement, I have had two m eetings with a behavioral therapist here in my hometown. We have begun discussing the reasons why I drink and how my behavior has changed between high school and college. My therapist is helping me identify ways to change my behavior so that I dont depend on alcohol to enjoy college.  Attached to this letter, you will find a letter from my therapist outlining our plans for the coming semester should I be readmitted. We also had a conference call with John at the counseling center at Ivy College, and if I am readmitted, I will be meeting with him regularly during the semester. I have given John permission to confirm these plans with the members of the committee. My dismissal has been a big wake-up call for me, and I am very aware that if my behavior doesnt change, I dont deserve to attend Ivy. My dream has always been to study business at Ivy, and I am disappointed in myself for letting my behavior get in the way of that dream. I am confident, however, that with the support and awa reness that I now have, I can be successful at Ivy if given a second chance. I hope you will give me the opportunity to prove to you that I am capable of being a strong student.Thank you again for taking the time to consider my appeal. Please dont hesitate to contact me if any members of the committee have questions that I havent answered in my letter.Sincerely,Jason Analysis and Critique of the Appeal Letter First of all, a written appeal is fine, but  in-person is better. Some colleges will require a letter along with an in-person appeal, but Jason should definitely strengthen his letter with an in-person appeal if given the opportunity. If he does appeal in person, he should follow  these guidelines. Like  Emma  (whose poor performance was due to a family illness), Jason has an uphill battle to fight to get readmitted to his college. In fact, Jasons case is probably more difficult than Emmas because his circumstances are less sympathetic. Jasons failure is the result of his own behavior and decisions more than any forces that were outside of his control. His letter needs to prove to the appeals committee that he has owned up to his problematic behavior and has taken steps to address the issues that led to his failing grades. As with any appeal, Jasons letter must accomplish several things: Show that he understands what went wrongShow that he has taken responsibility for the academic failuresShow that he has a plan for future academic successShow that he is being honest with himself and the appeals committee Jason could have tried to blame others for his problems. He could have made up an illness or blamed an out-of-control roommate. To his credit, he does not do this. From the beginning of his letter, Jason owns up to his bad decisions and acknowledges that his academic failure is a problem that he created himself. This is a wise approach. College is a time of new freedoms, and it is a time to experiment and make mistakes. The members of the appeals committee understand this, and they will be pleased to see that Jason acknowledges that he didnt handle the freedom of college well. This honesty shows far more maturity and self-awareness than an appeal that tries to deflect responsibility onto someone else. In the four points above, Jasons appeal does a pretty good job. He clearly understands why he failed his classes, he has owned up to his mistakes, and his appeal certainly seems, to be honest. A student who confesses to missing exams because of excessive drinking is not someone who is trying to lie to the committee. Plans for Future Academic Success Jason could do a bit more with #3, his plans for future academic success. Meeting with the behavioral therapist and school counselor are certainly important pieces to Jasons future success, but they are not a complete map to success. Jason could strengthen his letter with a bit more detail on this front. How will he involve his academic advisor in his efforts to turn around his grades? How does he plan to make up the failed classes? What class schedule is he planning for the upcoming semester? How will he navigate the social scene that he has been immersed in over the past three semesters?   Jasons problems are ones that the appeals committee will have seen before, but most students are not so honest in their failures. The honesty will certainly work in Jasons favor. That said, different schools have different policies when it comes to underage drinking, and it is always possible that his appeal will not be granted because of an inflexible college policy. At the same time, it is also possible that Jasons punishment will be lessened. For example, instead of dismissal, he may be suspended for a semester or two. On the whole, Jason comes across as an honest student who has potential but made some all-too-common college mistakes. He has taken meaningful steps to address his failures. His letter is clear and respectful. Also, because this is Jasons first time that he has found himself in academic trouble, he will be a more sympathetic case than a repeat offender. His readmission is certainly not a given, but I do think the appeals committee will be impressed by his letter and give his readmission serious consideration. A Final ​Note Students who find themselves in academic trouble because of alcohol or drug abuse should consult with professionals for guidance and support.

Perception Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perception - Assignment Example In addition, we continue to modify our schemas as we experience new events or situations and learn from them, which enable our ideas and perceptions to evolve with time (Kesteren et al, 2012). Generally, schematic perceptions are based on events that we compare to other events, running the risk of oversimplifying events. Indeed, due to all the information that we take in, coupled with the need to simplify events and experiences, people tend to categorize events, which allows for immediate response based on established perceptions about these events (Kesteren et al, 2012). As a result, we do not need to perceive each football player whether from Spain, England, or Italy as unique categories, for example, instead identifying them as members of the football player category, which enables us to respond accordingly. Similarly, when one encounters other people, they tend to perceive them in terms of category, instead of unique individuals they have not encountered before, based on nationality, religion gender, or race. These categories are referred to as schemas and constitute cognitive or knowledge structures that organize incoming information, hence influencing how the individual perceives further information about events and people and responds to them (Kesteren et al,

Writing a protocol for genomic DNA extraction and PCR Lab Report

Writing a protocol for genomic DNA extraction and PCR - Lab Report Example blood collection for control experiment was equally undertaken for the purpose with regards to the manufactures protocol . the sampling of the genomic DNA was used as templates for the PCR amplification with specific T .cruzi Mdna primers . Tcz1 and TC z2 and the KDNA primers s35 and s36 . the amplification reaction was run with 200ng templates DNA UNDER the subsequent conditions.0.2 Mm of each primer , 2.5 U Taq DNA Polymerase , 0.2 mM dNTP and 2 mM Mg Cl2 in a 25 ml final volume . the triplicate amplification reaction were performed using the recommendations temperatures for Ndna ( 950C for five minutes , 30 cycles of 950 C for 30 s , 620C for 1 min nd 72 0C for 1 min and final extension at 72 o C for 5 min ) . The amplicons were resolved in the 1.3 % agarose gel The tumor tissue average RFU 0.254 corresponds to 406.25 standard and controls tissue average RFU 0.197corresponds to 275 standards. The curve is gently rises in a direct proportional manner to huge figures. The scale of the graph presents 1 cm representing 125 ng/ul in y-axis while the 1 cm representing the 0.1 in x-axis (Maria & Frank , 10). 22. It is important to remove the supernatant then dry the pellet at the prevailing room temperature. Normally, the DNA do not attach or stick as expected on the walls of the tube following 70% ethanol wash. Caution and extreme should be maintained while to bid avoid any aspirating the pellet In conclusion, the protocol for DNA extraction and the PCR based typically on the main methods takes subsequent steps. In the process of extraction large quantities of the DNA may be necessitate heating briefly at 65oC) for the suspension. The resulting large great molecular weight may undergo several days for proper

Hezbollah Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hezbollah - Term Paper Example ah has continued to engage in terrorist activities throughout the Middle East and currently has a militant wing of the organization that is understood as larger than that of the standing national army of Lebanon. Yet, Hezbollah cannot be understood as a native insurgency that developed within Lebanon. Instead, it was initially begun as a response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Seeing this as an opportunity to further its influence throughout the globe, Iran developed and funded this group as a means of taking the battle directly to the Jewish state. With Iranian backing and financing, the group developed rapidly and came to serve as a fundamental voice within Lebanon and throughout the region. Hezbollah has been linked to over 36 suicide attacks and terrorist bombings since 1982 (Hamdar, 2014). Moreover, the number of targeted assassinations that Hezbollah is responsible for is something that is up for much debate; estimated to be within the hundreds or thousands. Whereas enemies for Hezbollah have come and gone (for instance the American, French, and British interests have been listed at one time or another as targets for the group), its animosity and hatred for Israel has been the one mainstay that has helped to continue to define the gropu throughout the years. As such, at each and every point in which Israel has come in direct conflict with Lebanon, Hezbollah has used this as an opportunity to drastically swell its ranks and engage in pitched and indirect warfare with Israeli forces or target Israeli interests throughout Lebanon and the greater Middle East. More recently, the tug of war between Russia, Iran, Israel, and others over Syria has meant that Hezbollah has come to serve as a powerful supporter of Bashar al Assad. As a function of this and subsequent indirect support from both Russia and Iran, Hezbollah has been one of the primary foreign forces that have served to bolster to strength of the Syrian regime; as it lies virtually

Freehold covenants are too easy to impose upon land and too difficult Essay

Freehold covenants are too easy to impose upon land and too difficult to remove - Essay Example The law pertaining covenants entered between freeholders which is known as freehold covenants symbolises the manner in which one landowner may impact or control the use of adjoining or neighbouring land. A freehold covenant has both an advantage and an onus in respect of two estates in land owned by different individuals. Thus, covenants symbolise another form of proprietary duty, despite one that obliges its origin to the curative authority of courts of equity. (Dixon 2011:313). A freehold covenant may be explained as promises made through a deed (covenants) between freeholders where one contracting party guarantees to carry out or not to do some actions on the land owned by them for the advantage of adjoining land. For instance, owner of property A promises to the owner of property B not to do some kind of business or trade on his (A’s) land or where the owner of a property X promises to owner of property Y not to construct a wall over above a certain height or without getting approval from the owner of the property Y. The landowner who makes a promise on behalf of his land is known as covenantor (where the onus lies) and the property owner to whom such promise is made is known as covenantee and his land is where the benefit lies. In most of the cases, covenants between freeholders are negative or restrictive in nature, which prevents the owner of the land to do certain things in his own land. (Dixon 2011:313). The land with an advantage under a freehold covenant is known as dominant land where the land with the disadvantage is identified as the servient land. (Holmes 2005:157). Analysis Privity of Contract In a land deal, there will be a contract between the original parties (buyer & seller) and these original parties to the contract under the common law principle of privity of contract, the party with a benefit can be able to implement the promise or covenant against the party with the burden. In case of a land contract deal, the subject matter is not rest with the original parties to the contract whereas in the majority of the other contract deals, the subject matter rests with the original contracting parties. In land contracts, there is every possibility of passing the property to their legal heirs or successors either by gift or by inheritance or by sale. (Morris 1999:6). Under the privity of contract principle, the burden associated with a land cannot be passed on whereas a benefit a ttached to it can be passed on to the successor. Hence, the successor to the owner of a land with a burden cannot be compelled to enforce the covenant by the successor to the owner of the land with the benefit covenants attached to it. (Morris 1999:6). In conveyancing a freehold land or property which has a positive covenant which demands the buyer to maintain the land or premises by carrying out repair as and when necessary, which can be only implemented by â€Å"privity of contract between the original buyer and the seller.† Once the property is disposed off, the vendor who insisted with a covenant may not be interested in such property’s covenants. There will be no virtual advantage or incentive to implement the covenant just to help those still residing in the adjoining areas. Even if the seller remains there and if the buyer disposes the land to a third party, then† no privity of contract will be existing between the new buyer and the original vendor.† Further, under the principle of privity of estate, as pertinent to promises or covenants included in transfer of freehold land or property, the burden will not pass on to the buyer, and it would not be probable to enforce the promise against the new purchaser directly.

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to Essay

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to promote fashion - Essay Example Fashion advertisement can be done on the television, on radio stations, on social sites, on product labels, on billboards and many other channels. Use of celebrities in advertising is very essential and captures the minds of many people in the society. It creates a perception that a product is the best in the range of related products, which increases demand of a product, its sales, and profits (Mehta 199). There are many theories related to the study of media and all try to explain its impact in advertising, and the perceptions related to its use. The first theory is the uses and gratification theory, which states that people use advertised products for gratification (Karina). The public can use a product so that they can relate to the celebrity used to promote the product. The association with a celebrity gives them a sense of belonging and gratification (Karina). The theory also states that people use a product to help them for diversion to escape from problems, for personal identity, and for surveillance of important tricks for survival. People tend to use products that are associated with successful celebrities so that they can feel safe and away from their problems. It gives them a sense of belonging and fulfilment in life. According to this theory, use of products that are associated with a particular celebrity increases ones self-esteem and self-worth (Karina). The hypodermic needle model is also another theory related to the use of media and suggests that media audience always has trust and loyalty to media such that they do not pose any challenges or have doubts about the information they are given (Karina). According to this theory, the audience takes in any information supported by a celebrity and believes it as the truth. The public has strong belief in celebrities and assume that products the celebrity uses will also work on them

Freehold covenants are too easy to impose upon land and too difficult Essay

Freehold covenants are too easy to impose upon land and too difficult to remove - Essay Example The law pertaining covenants entered between freeholders which is known as freehold covenants symbolises the manner in which one landowner may impact or control the use of adjoining or neighbouring land. A freehold covenant has both an advantage and an onus in respect of two estates in land owned by different individuals. Thus, covenants symbolise another form of proprietary duty, despite one that obliges its origin to the curative authority of courts of equity. (Dixon 2011:313). A freehold covenant may be explained as promises made through a deed (covenants) between freeholders where one contracting party guarantees to carry out or not to do some actions on the land owned by them for the advantage of adjoining land. For instance, owner of property A promises to the owner of property B not to do some kind of business or trade on his (A’s) land or where the owner of a property X promises to owner of property Y not to construct a wall over above a certain height or without getting approval from the owner of the property Y. The landowner who makes a promise on behalf of his land is known as covenantor (where the onus lies) and the property owner to whom such promise is made is known as covenantee and his land is where the benefit lies. In most of the cases, covenants between freeholders are negative or restrictive in nature, which prevents the owner of the land to do certain things in his own land. (Dixon 2011:313). The land with an advantage under a freehold covenant is known as dominant land where the land with the disadvantage is identified as the servient land. (Holmes 2005:157). Analysis Privity of Contract In a land deal, there will be a contract between the original parties (buyer & seller) and these original parties to the contract under the common law principle of privity of contract, the party with a benefit can be able to implement the promise or covenant against the party with the burden. In case of a land contract deal, the subject matter is not rest with the original parties to the contract whereas in the majority of the other contract deals, the subject matter rests with the original contracting parties. In land contracts, there is every possibility of passing the property to their legal heirs or successors either by gift or by inheritance or by sale. (Morris 1999:6). Under the privity of contract principle, the burden associated with a land cannot be passed on whereas a benefit a ttached to it can be passed on to the successor. Hence, the successor to the owner of a land with a burden cannot be compelled to enforce the covenant by the successor to the owner of the land with the benefit covenants attached to it. (Morris 1999:6). In conveyancing a freehold land or property which has a positive covenant which demands the buyer to maintain the land or premises by carrying out repair as and when necessary, which can be only implemented by â€Å"privity of contract between the original buyer and the seller.† Once the property is disposed off, the vendor who insisted with a covenant may not be interested in such property’s covenants. There will be no virtual advantage or incentive to implement the covenant just to help those still residing in the adjoining areas. Even if the seller remains there and if the buyer disposes the land to a third party, then† no privity of contract will be existing between the new buyer and the original vendor.† Further, under the principle of privity of estate, as pertinent to promises or covenants included in transfer of freehold land or property, the burden will not pass on to the buyer, and it would not be probable to enforce the promise against the new purchaser directly.

You guys have to write through order instruction Assignment - 1

You guys have to write through order instruction - Assignment Example The student can use these texts as the complement to the standard books or it can also be used alone for studies. When it is concerned with text reading, we do not agree with Machiavelli that it is better for the Prince (United States) to be parsimonious rather than generous. This is because the situation is completely different today as both nations have nuclear weapons which are deterrent to open war as it has the capability to destroy the complete world. Even if the government itself does not declare the open war, the finger which is steeped in fear or hate can accidently click the button which will fire the first salvo. Machiavelli lived in an age where such total destruction of the world could not be imagined. So, in most of the cases today, this can be only lead misunderstandings and further cracking up of the relationship. The generosity can inspire the goodwill in most of the cases which leads to mutual rapport in

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay A large amount of literature including research and text books, exist on the subject of the Great Depression. It is considered by many economists as the worst economic crisis in American History. Statistics suggest that from the business cycle peak in 1929 to the trough in 1933, the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 39%. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate rose from 3. 2% to 25% any may who had jobs were only able to work part-time. By 1933, 50% of American banks had failed. From 1929 to 1933, the consumer price index (CPI) fell by -25%. The Dow Jones industrial average fell -89. 2% between September 1929 and March 1933. Net investment was negative from 1931 to 1935 and the economy experienced a sharp decline in aggregate real income, then there were massive defaults and bankruptcies by business and households (Bernanke. S, 2004, White, 2009). But what caused the great depression? Or rather, why did the recession of 1929 turn into a depression? Calomiris (1983) remarks there is still very little consensus amongst economist on this question. Before Maynard Keynes (1936) General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, economist relied on the Classical approach both to manage and explain the Great Depression. However, the classical theory could not explain a lot of the data at the time; for instance, it could not explain the protracted unemployment (Keynes, 1936). This signified the need for a new theory of macroeconomics. Such a theory was provided by Keynes. The essence of Keynes theory is contained in the simple aggregate demand model. Keynes identified the collapse of the growth in the 1920s as part of the problem. In his opinion, the collapse of growth led to a reduction in investment opportunities and a downward shift in investment demand. The unprecedented levels of unemployment could also be explained by the collapse of aggregate spending. Keynes along with Irvin Fischer (1933) also identified the financial markets as important sources and propagators of economic decline during the Great Depression (Calomoris, 1983). However, the exact nature of this connection is still a hot topic of debate, and this is where much of the literature on the great depression can be found. According to Keynes theory of aggregate demand, monetary policy had no causal role in the Great Depression (Mishkin, 2007). Mishkin (2007 p 588) argues that this assumption was based on three pieces of evidence. He states that during the Great Depression; interest rates on U. S treasury securities were extremely low (Below 1%). To the early Keynesians, the low nominal interest rate meant that the monetary policy was easy – expansionary (Hamilton, 1987). The second assumption was underpinned by the lack of empirical evidence on the co-movement between nominal interest rates and investments spending. While the third assumption was based on the fact that surveys by macroeconomists carried on businessmen indicated that their decision to invest was not influenced by market interest rates (Mishkin, 2007). In 1963, Friedman and Schwartz published the Monetary History of the United States in which they outlined a theory implicating money supply as the major cause of the Great Depression. In their opinion, what transformed the recession of 1929 into a depression were the imprudent policies by the Federal Reserve, which led to the stock market crash; and to the waves of banking failures which reduced the money multiplier and the money stock (Bernanke, 1983a; Friedman and Swartz, 1963). The figure 1 below shows the close correlation between GDP and the money stock. Friedman and Swartz countered the Keynesians argument that interest rates on U. S. treasury securities and high grade corporate bonds were low was countered by the observation that interest rates on lower grade bonds rose radically during the peak of contraction (between 1930-1933) this indicated that monetary policy was tight (Mishkin, 2007). The second reason why the Keynesian assumptions were regarded as misleading on the question of the tightness of the monetary policy during the depression was that; in a period of deflation; the important interest-rate transmission mechanism is through the real interest rate and not the nominal interest rate, hence low nominal interest rates do not necessarily mean that cost of borrowing is low and that monetary policy is easy since public expectation of a reduction in price levels can increase real interest rates (Hiuzinga, 1986; Summers, 1984). A good example of how the real-nominal interest rate relationship affected the U. S. economy during the Great Depression was seen in the housing sector. Wheelock reports that even though the nominal value of mortgage dept peaked in 1930, deflation caused a rise in the real value of outstanding mortgage dept up to 1832. Thus the outstanding mortgage dept burden increased sharply during the contraction phase of the depression (Wheelock, 2008). Researchers also criticized the use of Structural Model evidence by Keynesians. Mishkin (2007) argues that the quality of this type of evidence is dictated by the goodness of the model used. Friedman and Swartz narrative on the Great depression was that the original trigger of the Great Depression was the, 1928, Federal Reserve attempt to contain inflated share prices at Wall Street which they attributed to speculative activity. To accomplish this, they raised the policy interest rate. This depressed interest-sensitive spending in areas such as construction and Motor industry. This in turn induced a drop in production and investments, which led to reduced hiring of workers by companies. The tightening of the monetary policy through the recession which begun in August 1929 precipitated the October 1929, stock market crash (Hamilton, 1987, Bernanke, 2002b). The stock market crash eroded the nation’s accumulated savings, leading to a reduction in aggregate demand. From 1930, the contracting economy triggered successive waves of widespread banking panics (Calomiris etal, 2003; Hamilton, 1987; Chandler, 1970). Bank failures and hoarding of cash increased both the currency deposit ratio and the reserve – deposit hence a decline in money stock; this added to the deflationary pressures (Bernanke, 2007b; White, 1984). They asserted that â€Å"failure by the Fed to reverse the decline in money stock with open market operations and loans to banks through discount windows added further pressure to the economy (Friedman, 1963). † According to them, the 1937 -1938 recession was triggered by the Fed’s attempt to stimulate lending by doubling of the required reserve – ratio, this had the opposite effect. Mishkin (2007) writes that the importance of this theory to most economists is that it opened a whole new connection between the financial sector and the macroeconomy. Another important contribution was that it suggested new research agenda; Calomiris (1993) summarized them thus: 1) Can the reduction in money stocks from 1930 to 1933 explain the bank failures or did they have a separate origin? 2) Was the demand for money stable given the low nominal short term interests rates in the 1930s or was there a liquidity trap 3) Could nominal price and wage rigidity offer an adequate explanation for the persistent stagnation during the 1930s? 4) Were policy failures by the Fed actions acts of omission or commission or did they represent the application of the old classical theories to new circumstances? 5) Were open market operations by the Fed, unaccompanied by reforms in the monetary and bank regulations, sufficient in reversing the 1930-1933 stagnation? Following the publication of the Monetary History, economist focused either on confirming Friedman and Swartz assertions or in researching the implications of their findings. For two decades, the focus was mainly on the first three questions. Unfortunately, economists restricted there inquiries within the framework of the sticky-price, IS-LM paradigm. This approach severely limited the search for alternative transmission mechanisms between financial markets and the macroeconomy (Bernanke, 1983). Support for the Monetarist theory has come from formal statistical tests which examined the correlations between money and aggregate spending (Mishkin, 2007) a number of researchers found that there was no liquidity trap during the 30s; therefore, money supply shocks could have had an important effect on aggregate output (Meltzer, 1963; Temin, 1989). Field argued that the pre-depression stock market boom increased money demand and that this was not offset by corresponding increase in money supply. This resulted in increases in the interest rates and in deflation (Field, 1984). Evidence corroborating Friedman-Swartz illiquidity hypothesis as the trigger of the bank failures came from data on bank suspensions aggregated at national or regional level, this data show a correlation between bank failures and turning points in indices of industrial production, the money supply, the money multiplier, interest rate, and deflation rate (Friedman, 1963; Wicker, 1980). According to White (1984, p 138), the first bank failures in the 1930 were not unique; rather, it was a continuation of the banking failures of the 1920s. Recently studies by Calomiris and Joseph (2003) have revealed a strong correlations between the characteristics of banks, the economic environment in which they operated and their chances of survival. The thesis that banks failures were not panic induced, but were a continuation of the bank failures of the 1920s, which were linked to bank overbuilding suggested a lesser role of bank failures as a transmission mechanism. Other critics â€Å"advocated additional exogenous expenditure shocks to explain the cause of the depression noting that the real money stock had not contracted during the early stages of the depression (Temin,1976; Bernanke,1983 ). † At the same time, some scholars argued that the reduction in money stocks during the initial stages of the depression was not large enough to trigger the depression (Meltzer, 2003) In short, economists realized that money shocks alone could not have transformed the recession into a depression. Thus, additional link were needed between the financial markets and the macroeconomy. Bernanke captured it this way in his 1983 research paper: â€Å"One problem is that there is no theory of monetary effect {per se} on the real economy that can explain protracted non neutrality. Another is that the reduction of money supply in the period seems quantitatively insufficient to explain the subsequent fall in output (Bernanke, 1983, p257)† The new paradigm shift came with the application of theoretical models of credit allocation under asymmetric information in imperfect markets to the Great Depression. Mishkin was the first to apply this model in his study of the impact of changes in household balance sheet and consumer spending during the Great Depression (Mishkin, 1978). He argued that â€Å"in the 1930s, the depressive effect of aggregate wealth reduction on consumption was compounded by the dept deflation which in turn reduced aggregate consumption demand. Using empirical evidence, Bernanke research suggests that the efficiency of credit allocation was reduced under imperfect market conditions of the 1930s and that aggregate demand was reduced by the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit (Bernanke, 1983). This process, in his opinion, can account for he protracted length of the great depression. Taken together, this new paradigm was not a rejection of Friedman and Swartz thesis, it merely showed that the monetary shock and other events in the early phase of the Depression prolonged the Depression through there effect on the institutional structure of the credit markets and the balance sheet of borrowers (White, 1984; Romer,1989). In short, macroeconomists have concluded that the tendency of banks to respond to deposit outflows and increased risk of loan defaults by freezing credit can aggravate recessions, magnifying declines in investment, production and asset prices (Calomiris, 2008) The focus on deflation and financial collapse throughout the world also suggested ways through which the depression was channeled to other countries. Currently, economists agree that the gold standard played an important role in transmitting the economic decline in America to the rest of the world (Campa, 1990; Bernanke, 2002b) under the gold standard; trade imbalances gave rise to international gold flows. In his analysis of international transmission of the American Depression, Kindleberger reasoned that that the stock market collapse and deflationary shocks triggered a liquidity squeeze, a reduction in bank lending and the international financial collapse of the 1930s i. e. the lack of access to credit forced less-developed countries to use up their gold and foreign exchange reserves; this forced them to sell old quantities of primary products at reduced prices (Kindleberger, 1973). He also noted that the depression was more protracted in countries which stuck to the gold standard The countries that abandoned gold pursued independent monetary policy and were able to rebound faster. International studies correlating adherence to the gold standard, deflation and continued economic decline have confirmed this argument (Bernanke and James, 1991; Eichengreen, 1992). Economists also believe that the enactment of The Smoot-Hawley Tariff which was supposed to protect American Farmers triggered a counterproductive wave of protectionist measures around the world, which worsened the depression (Draghi, 2009; Hamilton, 1987, Meltzer, 1963) Although most of these debates occurred after the Great Depression, scholars now agree that both inept fiscal and monetary policies transformed a normal business cycle into a depression. Since monetary contraction was part of the problem during the Depression. Currency devaluation and monetary expansions had to play a leading role in the recovery process. A number of commentators have shown that the American money supply increased by 42% between 1933 and 1937 and worldwide monetary expansion led to a lowering of interest rates and easy access to credit (Mishkin, 1991). Economists argue that since fiscal expansion can reduce expectation of deflation, they can reduce the cost of borrowing (Romer, 2009). Keynes theory that government spending, tax cuts, and monetary expansion are essential in countering recession can also be justified in light of historical evidence. Economists reason that the massive government spending, such as the New deal program {specifically Work Progress Administration (WPA) and Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)} reignited the economy (Calomiris and Mason 2003, Romer 1989, Temin 1989). In fact, the general consensus among scholars is that the economy â€Å"American economy began to recover with a new monetary expansion and spending in preparation for war (White, 2009b). † Concerning Banking sector reform, the view on the Bank Holiday is that it was a dramatic and effective remedy. The other reforms have also drawn support from Great Depression scholars (Blinder, 2008; Gapper, 2007; White, 2009b). These reforms saw the creation of a number of regulations and institutions, Banking Act of 1933 (commonly known as Glass Steagall Act) – the act prohibited commercial banks from underwriting of dealing in corporate securities. Insurance of bank deposits by FDIC was designed to prevent depression type bank runs. SEC regulated investment and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) guaranteed Residential mortgage loans. Collectively, scholars now believe that these regulations insulated America’s banking system from the booms and busts of the financial markets (Russell, 2008). Bernanke (1983 p2) â€Å"argues that only with the rehabilitation of the financial system in 1933-35 did the economy begin its slow emergence from the Great Depression. † The 2007 Economic recession The economic literature on the current recession is still limited, however adequate amount of literature exist on the impact of the down turn on the U. S. economy. The Economic Report of the President Jan, 2009 gives a comprehensive coverage of how the recession started; where it started and what is to be done. A large amount of literature can also be found on the causes of the crisis. among others. In terms of impact, the reports from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) indicates that from Dec 2007 to May 2009, America has had 57 bank failures; the unemployment rate has increased to 8. 9%; the economy has declined by – 3. 3% from the second quarter 2008 – first quarter of 2009; from Sept 2008 to may 2009, the federal government has increased the money stock by 125% and over the same period the biggest fall in the Dow Jones industrial stands at -53. 8%. The outlook is equally dire; most analysts have predicted a recession that may last up to two years (Roubini, 2009) Moody’s Investors Services (MIS), while further job losses are also expected have predicted increased foreclosures, while further job losses are also expected. But the impact has not been limited to America. The International Monetary Funds (IMF) World Economic Outlook published in Jan 2009 painted a bleak picture of the world economy in general: They predict that the real global growth will be close to zero; in the same report, growth in advanced world economies was projected at -2%. In his report, presented to the V Symposium on International Trade (Feb 20, 2009) Cline reported that the economic crisis in America has triggered a highly synchronized global recession, which has seen a contraction in all economies (see the Graph below showing global growth over 3 decades (Cline, 2009). Figure, 3 Showing the Synchronization of Global Recession Taken together, commentators are unanimous that, in term of severity, this recession is still mild vis-a-vis The Great Depression. Shiller (2009) writes that a lot of the upheavals in the economy have not been seen since the Great Depression. He cites the stock market volatility, the bank failures, the housing bust, the breakdown in intermediation, and the near zero interest rate. Besides the statistical comparisons, the current debate and research effort is focused on how the how the crisis started. The proximate consensus is that: the mortgage security backed housing boom in America it to blame and that the origination and distributions of this paper assets is at the heart of the problem (Markus; 2008; Grotty, 2009; Bernanke, 2009; Gapper, 2009) at the same time, researchers maintain that the crisis in the banking sector, was not independent, but resulted from distortions and incentives created by past policy actions. Blundell-Wignall, etal (2009), in there paper presented at a Reserve bank of Australia conference, averred that the current financial crisis is caused by global macro policies affecting liquidity and by very poor regulatory frame work. More specifically, economists recognize that any theory of causality, must, among other things, explain how the housing boom started, describe the factors behind the explosion of the residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS), how the banking crisis was triggered and the policy distortions that made it possible (Tett, 2007; Rajan 2009; Grotty, 2009). The findings of a number of researchers who have studied the causes of the current financial crisis in America conclude that the policy distortions started with gradual undermining of the Glass Steagall Act, from the 1980s; and the rise of the neo-classical theory of free markets (which advocates markets deregulation) Shiller (2005, p 43) argues that business cycles in the financial markets would not have been a major problem had banks been kept off the asset markets. The same argument is advanced by Summers (2008) who asserts that the deregulations in the banking sector exposed the banks to the bubbles and bursts of asset markets. Wray (2009) traces the poor regulatory framework in the U. S to the New Financial Architecture (NFA) which he claims is represented by a globally networked system of giant bank conglomerates and shadow banking system of investment bank, hedge funds and bank created special investment vehicles (SIV). In short, most scholars agree that the Riegle-Neal interstate banking and Branching efficiency Act of 1994 and the repeal of Glass Steagall Act in 1999 through the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Act played a crucial role in laying the foundation which led to this crisis (Mishkin, 2009, p 268; Grotty, 2009). Atkinson, Wigall, and Lee (2009) have also concluded that the Basel II accord on international bank regulation also opened an arbitrage opportunity for banks which led to the acceleration of off-balance-sheet activities. In the same paper, they claim that SEC 2004 decision to allow investment banks to manage there own risk was a major policy blunder. Soros puts it this way. â€Å"Since 1980, regulations have been progressively relaxed until they have practically disappeared. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦authorities could no longer calculate their risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves (Soros 2008)† At the same time, scholars have concluded that the other root cause of the problem is traceable to the easy availability of credit. Diamond, etal (2009, p 615) argue that the policies affecting liquidity availed a lot of funds to the banks. The 1% federal interest rate, the % interest rate in Japan, the fixed exchange rate in china and large reserves of sovereign wealth funds are listed in his paper as sources of cheap credit which fueled the economic boom in America led to an inflation of prices around the world. The claims that interest rates were low are supported by statistics which indicates that real short term interest rates were negative from mid 2001 to mid 2005, given the modest values of inflation (Yellen, 2008) The low interest rates, in turn, ignited a housing boom. Fig, 3 shows the Case-Shiller house index from 2000-2008. According to Grauwe (2009), the doubling of US house prices from 2000-2006 was not underpinned by real changes in the U. S economy. In the same survey, he reports that between July 2006 and July 2007 the value of Dow Jones and the SP 500 rose by 30% while GDP increased only by 5%. Taken together, researchers have concluded that the collapse of the real estate market in 2006 was the origin of the crisis. The rising foreclosures turned the credit boom into a bust. however, economist have at the same time stated that the severity of the housing market bust has been compound by the weakness inherent in the financial system (Calomiris, 2008; Rajan; 2009; Bookstabber, 2007) namely; use of bank deposits for speculative activities- this operation was made possible though special investment vehicles (SIV) sometimes called shadow banking; new financial innovations – derivative products like Credit Defaults Swaps (CDS) and Collateral Dept Obligations (CDO): they have been described as complex and overly opaque; failure of rating agencies to properly calculate the risks embedded in this instrument; and failures by regulators and supervisors. Some have added that the formulas used to compute the level of risk in this instrument was questionable and that the development of riskier higher order CDOs tended to magnify the systemic risk (Volcker, 2008; Veneroso, 2007; Soros, 2007; Rajan 2009 b). Sorros (2008) argues that the new types of mortgage-backed securities central to the boom were too complex and opaque to be priced correctly. Grotty (2009 p 40) also argues that these instruments encouraged fraud since most investors did not even know what they were buying. That when the risk inherent in these products became apparent in 2007, investors pulled back from structured products in general, banks had to re-absorb the losses incurred by their off balance entities – SIV, straining there balance sheets in the process. Moral hazard problems and adverse selection worsened with time lending to a credit freeze which led to a slow down in economic activities around the world (Mishkin, 2007, Folkman etal, 2007; Dornbusch etal, 2000) Concerning solutions, most policy makers agree that to reverse the recession, there is need for closely coordinated intervention at global level and that efforts must focus simultaneously on fiscal, monetary and financial stability policies. The underlying assumption is that restoring confidence in the prospects for employment and income and returning to balanced growth are the only way out of the recession (Draghi, 2009). Strong expansionary fiscal policies, with measures to support demand and safeguard banking and financial system have been instituted throughout the western world. The $ 800 billion dollar stimulus plans in America has been seen as bold policy initiative, although many economist are worried about its repercussion on the national dept. The proponents of this plan see it as the best way to either create jobs or prevent job losses (Romer, 2009). At the same time, most central banks around the world have rapidly lowered there interest rates. Draghi (2009) argues that in the initial stages of a crisis, rapid disinflation should not be allowed to turn into a deflation. To keep the banks afloat, central banks have injected large quantities of money into the system; in some instances, they have bought corporate dept to keep financial institution afloat. Russell (2009) notes that reactivating financial intermediation is also essential since capital requirements cannot be satisfied by the state alone. To achieve this goal, economists agree on three basics steps. The need to guarantee liabilities to stop bank runs; taking the banks through a stress test to identify the banks with solvency problems and ring-fencing the problematic securities or transferring them to separate entities such as bad banks followed by recapitalization (Wheelock, 2009; White, 2009, Draghi, 2009) are possible ways of unfreezing bank lending. At the same time, economists agree that a solution to the housing crisis is necessary. Lastly economists have pointed out that there is a need to reform securitization, credit rating agencies, poor risk modeling and underwriting standards, as well as corporate governance lapses (Krugnall etal, 2008). Some economist has also concluded that massive failure in corporate governance in some companies reflects poor incentive structures for decision, thus bank reforms should be extended to corporate remuneration practices (White, 2009; Blinder, 2008, Crotty, 2009) Reference Bekaert, G, Harvey, C. R. , 2005, â€Å"Market Integration and Contagion,† Journal of Business, Vol. 78, (No. 1), pp. 39–96. Bernanke, B. S. , 1983. Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the great depression. American Economic Review 73, 257–276. Bernanke, Ben (2002). On Milton Friedmans Ninetieth Birthday, at the Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, November 8. www. federalreserve. gov. (accessed on May, 10, 2009) Blinder, Alan, 2008. What Created This Monster? , New York Times, 23. Bookstabber, R. , 2007. The next financial crisis starts here, Financial Times, August 23. Calomiris, W. C. , Mason, J. R. , 2003. Fundamentals, panics, and bank distress during the depression. American Economic Review 93 (5), 1615–1646. Calomiris, C. W. , Financial Factors in the Great Depression. The Journal of Economics Perspectives, Vol 7 (2) pp 61-85.

Direct Marketing Is The Main Application Marketing Essay

Direct Marketing Is The Main Application Marketing Essay Direct marketing is the main application areas of data fusion and data mining, because the direct marketing industry collecting large amounts of data about sales, customers shopping history, transportation, consumption and services. Especially since the Web or e-business activities become much more convenient, the amount of data collected has a rapid growth. Today, many stores has a website, customers can easily purchase products online. Some companies, such as Amazon.com (http://www.amazon.com), only on the line to trade, there is no physical shopping. Direct marketing data for data mining provides a wealth of resources. Direct data mining can help the designer identify the behavior of customers, found customers shopping patterns and trends, improve service quality and achieve better relationship with customers, achieve better customers satisfaction, improve the sales ratio, design a more rational direct marketing strategy, and reduce costs (Decker, 2007). à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  .What is Direct Marketing? In the classical works in marketing, direct marketing is a form of non-store sales, however, classified in the form of non-store sales also as mail order, TV sales, telephone sales, vending machine sales and Internet sales. In the previous theoretical study of direct selling, direct marketing definition has always been different (Bennett, 1998). Industry trade association in Washington DC gives direct marketing the definition: a method of distribution, through personal contacts to sell products and service. Not have a fixed trading site, mainly at home. This definition is different from other definitions. Direct marketing be defined in the methods of distribution. This definition means that direct marketing model attach to distribution channels incorporated direct marketing into its connotation to the concept in turn. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡.What is Data Fusion and Data Mining? A brief definition of data fusion and data mining in marketing area is: extraction of previously unknown, comprehensible information from large storage of data, and understand it to make important business decision and support their design, including tactical development and strategic marketing plans and measuring their success (Sumathi, 2006). à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢. Why Using Data Fusion and Data Mining in Direct Marketing? Data fusion and data mining aims to obtain a sufficient understanding of market behavior patterns, to allow the benefits to be the recommended behavioral changes in the analysis obtained (Michael J. A., 2004). This involves understanding the market behavior of previously unknown facts, answering specific questions, including the prediction questions (Sirmakessis, 2005). In deciding whether to use data fusion and data mining, we must develop our policy on how to use the output, clear view. Too many data fusion and data mining projects have been conducted on IT sector initiatives. These often lead to many interesting findings, but need a number of operations. Companies with large amount of customers need to provide a reasonable degree of stability of the marketers and their marketing service providers, should be the heads of the people in their wealth of knowledge of customers and their past activities. Data mining tends to confirm their faith, improving the quantity or add more practical advantages .For example, specify the size of a long-suspect segment to identify which customers belonging to it. Some deductions are reasonable, such as purchase behavior depends on the socio-economic status, these are the data should be collected in a survey. Data fusion and data mining is more than simple data analysis. It is the understanding of a business environment, such that relevant questions can be answered by the use of the appropriate data analysis tool on the properly selected data. As such, data mining requires: Understanding the industry conditions Appreciation of specific factors which apply to the company Familiarity with a wide range of analytical tools. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £.Case Study Amway Amway Global is a multilevel marketing company that produces quality consumer products. Amways direct selling pattern is the best model to considerate each person into to the marketing , everyone can do this agent, Amway has indeed brought great profits and also a considerable number of people also brought profits, not only Amway has the achievements of their own brands, but also provides some peoples wealth achievements (Wei, 2010). Amway takes one to one direct marketing strategy: one to one marketing is to understand every customer, build lasting relationships with the customers. By data fusion and data mining method, Amway grade a large number of customers into different categories, each category of customers with similar attributes. The properties of different types of customers are different. Through data fusion and data mining to understand the different customer preferences, to coordinate the products and services, greatly increased the types of customers business and product satisfaction. It is through the methods of data fusion and data mining that for customer relationship management to Amway Corporation acquired sound business strategy. For four years, the U.S. experienced two serious economic depressions, but Amway never reduced operating efficiency. In the recession period, including IBM and GM companies have massive layoffs, but Amway has never been cut-off employees. The scale of its production and operation has remained stable. It is particularly worth mentioning is that Amway has been maintained no lending operation in four years, but keep sustainable development. Keep the record has not been lending money to the bank. This proves that the advantage of data fusion and data mining in the companys development. Dell Dells direct sales in the world are using the way of Internet, there are several special models weekly promotions, and used to do advertising. Dells use data fusion and data mining method for customer profitability analysis. In the customer group, customer profitability is quite different. If you do not know the customers profitability, it is difficult to develop effective marketing strategies to obtain the most valuable customers. Data fusion and data mining technology can be used to predict activity in the different market situations change in customer profitability. From the customers transaction history to find some discipline seeking behaviors, and use these patterns to predict the level of profitability of depositors, or find new clients with higher profitability (Max, 2007). Through data fusion and data mining technology to determine their own direct sales model. For 20 years, Dell has revolutionized the industry to customers worldwide, including commercial, institutional and individual customers can access to computer products. Caused by the Dell direct model accepted by the industry, information technology becomes more powerful and easy to use, more affordable accepted to provide customers with full use of these powerful, new tools, opportunities to improve their working and living conditions. Tiens Group Tiens Group is the largest direct selling company in China, established in 1995, stepped into the international market in early 1998. Tiens Group use data fusion and data mining technology for cross-selling. Between enterprises and customers is a continuing business evolving relationship. After the client and the company set up this two-way relationship, you can use many ways to make this tends to improve customer relations. Includes, extending the time of this relationship, increasing maintenance fee of such contact during the relationship, gaining more profit in every contact during the relationship. Cross-selling aims to keep the customers that the company possess and provide new products and services to the customers. Keep cross-selling is to build a win-win principle. The customer is concerned to get more and better services to meet his needs and due to sales growth the enterprise will also get benefit. With this direct marketing business model, Tenis direct sales have a rapid growth in 3 years adds up to 300 million people. The market has now worked out a development consistent international road in 103 countries and to District established a branch, and the United States, Germany, Malaysia, Spain, Egypt, a dozen foreign enterprises industry to establish a broad strategic partnership, registered in the country of 30 provincial branches and more than 100 To the municipal office, consists of nearly 2,000 stores. Tiens brand products are exported to 190 countries and area, 1,000 million people worldwide stability of consumer groups Conclusion From the above three cases, we can clearly understand that direct marketing is a perfect way of marketing. Direct marketing companies should choose appropriate way to build. Direct selling enterprises can take a variety of direct marketing, in addition to mail, visits and other traditional marketing methods, and now the most striking is the network of direct sales. Whether a business operation pattern is success, not only depends on what sales model, but also the method hidden behind the management. Data fusion and data mining is a highly efficient enterprise sales management. Data fusion and data mining in E-commerce market has a broad and in-depth direct application of this research reflects a growing field of research value. With data fusion and data mining technology to further develop, will certainly bring a wider range of direct marketing prospects and market value.

The Art of Manipulation in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Homer Odyssey

The Art of Manipulation in Homer's Odyssey    They sit, entranced in the magic of his words. He pauses. On the edge of their seats, they await in silence his next utterance. The one spoken of is not a bard or man refined in the art of song, but rather a warrior scarred and hardened through intense conflict. He has a special mastery of the spoken language that enraptures his audience and a gift that endows him to command and persuade them without physical force. This man is a manipulator of words, a subtle combatant. The proverbial "He" represents Odysseus in Homer's epic adventure The Odyssey. Youthful Athenian men gained wisdom and admonitions about the machination of words by studying Odysseus's shrewd intellect, and in contrast the use of persuasion by Eurylochus whose ignorance brought about the demise of their comrades. The art of manipulation is vital to the survival and prosperity of men and women throughout The Odyssey. Odysseus exemplifies this distinctive quality, learning through his adventures how to better meet his needs through cleverly chosen words rather than vehement combat. Odysseus first reveals this gift of the gods, when he used trivial flattery and an appearance of humble supplication in approaching the Princess Nausicaa on the isle of the Phaecians. "At [her] knees," he comes before Princess Nausicaa cleverly appealing to her with questioning disbelief of whether she was "some goddess or a mortal woman." He then proceeds to draw upon her desire to wed with words that left questioning his own marital status, and sounded as though he were envious of the "most blessed among [the Phaecians] who with his wedding gifts would win [her]," the awe inspiring Nausicaa (89). At this moment in his life, Odysseu... ...e, the ability to manipulate words for the means of persuasion do not always have positive results. In the hands of the ignorant and irrational, persuasion becomes an evil that plagues all those who come in contact with and conform to it, but when used by the knowledgeable and thoughtful, manipulation can provide for the betterment of a society, such as the peace that ensues Odysseus's vengeance when Athena persuades them to stop the futility. Homer teaches young Athenians to be aware of the dangers of manipulation, rhetoric, and persuasion, but he also shows that a man who can do such effectively is deemed a leader, and that those who cannot are mere followers. Works Cited and Consulted Crane, Gregory. Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988 Homer. The Odyssey. trans. Robert Fagles. Penguin Books. New York. 1996.

The Evolution of Lilith :: Lilith Essays

The Evolution of Lilith The first appearance of Lilith came in the form of a cameo in a story called the "Prologue of Gilgamesh". In it, a great tree is described, obviously the tree of life. On the top of a tree rests a bird, possibly an eagle, and in the center lives a "dragon[who] had build it's nest there...the demon Lilith..." This can be equated with the Midguard Serpent of Norse mythology and various other chaos creatures who lived and gnawed on the Tree of Life. The purpose these entities served was one of balancing the Yang with the Yin, tempering the force of Creation with the force of Destruction, order with chaos, as one cannot exist without the other. Thus Lilith, and other so-called "serpents" served an important purpose, that of keeping the Yang under control, and thus also serving a psychological purpose. When one rests too much in the light, one can develop a self-righteous attitude, and starts to think that they know everything. This was the true nature of the state Adam and Eve were in before the serpent in the garden, who was Lilith as we shall later see, were in....Adam and Eve had the false sense of security that they knew everything there was to know and carried within them the forces of creation (Yang). Lilith, on the other hand, who was the personification of Yin brought them down to earth when she got Eve to eat from the tree. Where Yang says "I know the right way, I know everything", Yin says "You don't know everything, you never will know everything, and there is no right way." Thus, Adam and Eve were brought down to earth, so to speak, when they partook of the fruit. The expulsion from paradise symbolized their acc eptance of reality, and Yahweh's displeasure symbolized humankind's need to control and escape reality. As one can see, each character in the story of the fall are archtypical symbols for forces within the human psyche... Going back to Lilith, after her appearence in the Prologue, she became described on tablets found in ancient Sumeria as "the hand of Inanna" who swept men into her temples for sacred sexual rights. Lilith became the symbolism of feminine allure, the dangerous seductive qualities of the dark moon.  Ã‚   Though she was never a Goddess in Sumerian lore, Lilith was nonetheless an important enough figure for later cultures to take note of her.

The function of setting in the presentation of Jane Austen’s main concerns in Emma

In Jane Austen's novel Emma, the function of setting is to demonstrate life as it would be in Highbury around the same time as Austen was writing the book (around 1815). The setting mostly refers to the period the is set in story as well as the place, which of course also bears much relevance. However, Jane Austen's main concern in the book was to convey social convention, an aspect of life which would have a major affect on the characters in the story as it did Jane herself, in context to the period it is set. Also the themes of marriage and wealth also tie in with social status in the book as it would be of importance in the early 18th century that it is set in. The character that to help all these themes together as well as Emma herself is Harriet. Not only is the power of status shown by Emma's control over Harriet,( not even by force but Harriet's freewill, as she admires and aspires to Emma)but she also takes the theme of marriage with Emma's mischievous behaviour as she tries to match make Harriet to suitors of seemingly higher class. Harriet also ties in with the education being a parlour boarder at Mrs Goddard's school. We are able to see a glimpse of what education is like as Jane Austen bring s in her description of Mrs Goddard the mistress of a school â€Å"not of seminary, or an establishment†¦but, a real, honest, old-fashioned boarding school†¦where girls may be sent out the way and scramble themselves in to a little education, without any danger of bringing back prodigies† We are shown the kind of education girls would have received at the time, a middle class education. Jane evokes a warm sense to the ides of school though the last line is a little shocking it brings in the real world, a world where contraception were not available and pre-marital sex was still a shameful act in the eyes of society. The â€Å"scramble† for education also shows the type of education the girls may receive. Not a full education but whatever the girls could grasp. In this way we can already see the kin d of education that society of the period were growing up with. However for Emma, a member of higher class this was different, as it is shown, she was educated by Miss Taylor as would all member s of upper class be tutored at home. Through out the novel there are marriage agreements and suitors made and discussions between characters of â€Å"equal marriage† this refers to marrying a person in the story of equal wealth and status. By the end of the novel it seems all characters seem to have found their equal in marriage, with Emma it is the gentlemanly Mr Knightly who if not just equal in status is equal by intellect as is evident through their many long conversations they hold, conversations on a level we never see Emma talk to Harriet with. Harriet also marries Mr Martin who after all turns out to be the right match for her. Though it would seem the message from the writer is that one should marry within ones own status, it is interesting to acknowledge the marriage at the beginning of the book. Miss Taylor, Emma's nanny therefore middle class, marries Mr Weston, of upper class, and there seems to be no evidence of criticism from the writer or characters of their marriage. In fact there are so many occ asions in the book where the couple are described well together and perfectly married it seems they are almost a role model to other married couples at the time. However though there is a happy ending, Jane Austen uses Emma, with her mischief and interfering nature to demonstrate the importance of social class and equal marriage within society at the time. As she takes Harriet and manipulates her feelings towards Mr Elton, the occurrences only reveal the nature of class to us. When Mr Elton realises Harriet has affection for him he is disgusted at the thought of it, even wise Mr Knightly comments on Mr Elton's views as Mr Elton said he would marry richly. This is revealed even further when he turns his attentions on Emma, the richest female in the story. His desire for Emma or rather Emma's money in turn disgusts her, and the feeling is evident and her â€Å"astonishment† shows how unequal she feels her self to him and how superior. An unequal marriage seems the most shocking of all things in the story, as it would in context. However after being rejected Harriet only turns her attentions higher to Mr Knightly, the richest man in Highbury; however the reader does not feel this is arrogance on the part of Miss Smith, believing that he may requite her feelings but the fault of Emma who builds up Harriet's vanity through the book. The importance of marrying for money seems far more important than marrying for love and it is only then when the idea of marrying for love enters Emma' head. The only reason it seems Mr Knightly could marry Harriet would be for love, for Harriet has nothing of possession to offer. Though this idea is introduced, marrying for love, two central characters Emma and Harriet marry into equal relationships, and though they do love their partners, it is the equality that is expressed so importantly. It is simply that Jane Austen has idealised their relationships with their love for their partners and equality both being present to the characters. The marriages contrast to the marriage of Mr Elton and Mrs Elton, as is commented by a character that in marry Mrs Elton, Mr Elton received twenty thousand pounds, an equal marriage but not one for affection to each other. In the novel Jane Austen only shows their judgemental characteristics and superficial attitudes, perhaps the example of a bad marriage, though equal in status? Though the term setting in fiction also applies to period, an important factor in this book the setting, in referral to place is also important. Highbury is a rural environment almost cut off from the world. This small town helps us understand the narrow mindedness of some characters, and also the reason of so little action. The central action to the story is conversation, the lack of action means that to keep the reader entertained Jane Austen had create something else to keep the readers interest. Through such detailed language and description we receive such vivid characters and receive a lot information from their speech and others speech about them. This also ties in with the period as presentation of a person would be very important and so what you say was also important, this is reproduced in Emma, as everything each character says reveals something about them. Also by setting the story in a remote rural area there can be more attention to new characters that enter the life of Emma. The conversation and excitement created by the awaited arrival of Frank Churchill creates a lot of excitement between characters in the book as it is not often visitors would come. Importance is added on this figure as he is a bachelor of Emma's age and so expectations of the reader and other characters are raised. Therefore in the setting of Emma, Jane Austen's main concern with period was to show the social convention of the time, the way it affected marriage and also the importance of marriage in the context of the story. Jane uses Emma and Emma's treatement and views of other characters to show the three main themes of money, status, and marriage within the 18th century period it was set.